Unlike traditional petrol or diesel car fires, fires involving EVs and hybrids with lithium-ion batteries pose unique challenges due to the process known as ‘thermal runaway,’ which releases energy stored in the batteries as heat and can result in intense and difficult-to-extinguish flames.

Alongside the daunting flames, these fires emit highly toxic fumes, including hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide, creating a secondary risk for nearby individuals. As the popularity of electric scooters, e-bikes, and commercial electric vehicles rises, the number of battery-related fires has significantly increased, placing a strain on fire services.

Norfolk, Essex, Kent, and London Fire Services are among those adopting a two-unit response policy for EV fires. For instance, London Fire Brigade’s deputy commissioner, Dom Ellis, expressed concern over the alarming rise in fires involving lithium batteries. In 2023 alone, London Fire Brigade has dealt with 143 incidents, compared to only 31 in 2020, marking an eight-fold increase.

This surge in battery-related fires poses a challenge to fire services, as it requires specialized training and equipment to handle the unique risks presented by lithium-ion batteries. The number of fires is expected to increase as the ‘dash for electrification’ continues, putting additional strain on resources and potentially reducing the availability of crews to respond to other emergencies.

Firefighters are grappling with the difficulty of extinguishing these fires and preventing reignitions, which have been reported even days after initial extinguishment. EV fires demand significantly more water for suppression, with up to 6,600 gallons needed compared to the 220 to 400 gallons used for traditional car fires. Ensuring contaminated water does not enter water courses is also a concern.

In addition to investing in new methods and firefighting techniques, fire brigades are seeking highly qualified officers trained in handling hazardous materials to deal with battery fires. As electric vehicles play an essential role in decarbonizing energy production, experts are highlighting the importance of robust training and risk management to ensure the safety of first responders and the public.

The National Fire Chiefs Council has acknowledged the growing challenges posed by lithium-ion batteries and is closely monitoring the situation. A research paper published by Birmingham University emphasizes the need for thorough understanding and management of risks associated with these batteries to ensure the safety of emergency responders and the public at large.